Manganese: 43% of the DV. 008) as compared to placebo. But sometimes. But there's not enough data to know if supplementing with zinc prevents or reverses hair loss or what an optimal dose is. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin and an antioxidant that prevents cell damage. The use of Asconvita in high doses can cause exacerbation of sickle. Selenium: 55 mcg for teens and adults (60 mcg for women during pregnancy and 70 mcg when. It offers 30 mg of zinc per capsule and is. Zinc is an essential micronutrient with many health benefits. 2 Freedom from Defects The zinc coating shall be uniform, adherent, reasonably smooth and free from such imperfections as flux, ash bare patches, black spots, pimples, lumpiness, runs, rust stains, bulky white deposits and blisters. Effects on the community structure by zinc are conclusive, as excessive zinc concentrations are toxic 57,101,102,103 and lead to lipid peroxidation, decreased chlorophyll content, and reduced. 600 mg / 5 mg. Zinc is one of the most abundant trace elements in the human body, playing an important role in immune function, wound healing, your sense of taste and smell, and the production of key proteins and DNA. Australian Gold Botanical Sunscreen Tinted Face Mineral Lotion SPF 50. 3/4-in x 2-1/2-in Galvanized Nipple. At the microcellular level, it has a significant effect on the normal functioning of macrophages, neutrophils,. tetrahederal geometry. It is the first element in group 12 (IIB) of the periodic table. Vitamin D, iron, and zinc are three important ones. Zinc gluconate side effects. Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are metals with a silvery-white appearance and relatively low melting points and. Among these elements, zinc and vitamins C and D stand out for having immunomodulatory functions and for playing roles in preserving physical tissue barriers. ₹ 99. Official answer. Zinc . 3. Vitamin / Mineral. This medication is used to prevent minor skin infections caused by small cuts, scrapes, or burns. For adults, the upper tolerable limit of daily intake of zinc, which includes from both food and supplements, is 40 mg. 2. Chromate conversion coating or alodine coating is a type of conversion coating used to passivate steel, aluminium, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, titanium, magnesium, and tin alloys. The experiment can be extended to show the decomposition of. Ascorbic Acid + Zinc (as gluconate) Brand Name: Asconvita Plus: Dosage Strength: Formulation: Each 5mL of Syrup contains: Ascorbic Acid-44. /15 WEST/Getty Images. Children 7 to 24 months need 3 mg. unexplained weight loss. Nausea and vomiting. 2 mg per 1 oz, or 20% of the DV. Zinc supplements are generally inexpensive. Result LOINC Value. Zinc Gluconate: This is the most common over-the-counter zinc supplement that’s found in your local drug or health food store. , nitric oxide); (2) apoptosis, and (3) binding/exchange of heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium, or copper. $60. While zinc can be found in many food sources, the more bioavailable form of zinc can be found in animal tissues [139,140,141,142]. In metazoan, two zinc transporter families, Zn transporters (ZnT) and Zrt. The total amount of zinc in the body is approximately 1. Oral uptake of zinc leads to absorption throughout the small intestine and. Clean affected part before use. Learn more here. Zinc metal foil serves as one electrode, with each zinc ion liberating two electrons. Zinc is a trace mineral, meaning that the body only needs small amounts, and yet it is necessary for almost 100 enzymes to carry out vital chemical reactions. It costs about twice as much as 304-grade stainless steel, so reserve screws made of this material for boat-building. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrients that can optimize the. It belongs to a class of drugs. Zinc is essential for growth. Already in the 1930s it was shown that zinc was essential for normal growth in rodents [], but it was only realized in. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant life. or zinc (eq 3) argues against the intermediacy of arylzinc reagents, in contrast with Baran’s work. It's been studied at 50 milligrams (mg) daily for women with hair loss. In fact, up to 30% of older adults are considered deficient in this nutrient ( 16 ). One must take these either through food or dietary supplements but keep in mind to not. InP also has a zinc blende lattice. g. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Iron is a cofactor in the tyrosine. It is good for your immune system and cell growth. Chromium, magnesium, and manganese. 7735. Zinc is a transition metal usually present in nature in its divalent state. Zinc oxide topical side effects. Low copper levels can affect a person’s immune system and energy levels. 1 % magnesium), zinc-aluminum-magnesium (including zinc-5 to 9 %. 87a. How to. Magnesium and Zinc are both essential nutrients for health. Let it sit for 2 minutes then rinse it out. 4% ( n = 27) were zinc deficient. , says: “Zinc is an important metal ion in biology and, given that calcium and potassium are famous for controlling blood flow and pressure, it’s. "In babies who are prone to diaper rash, I recommend zinc oxide diaper ointment with every diaper change," says Jody A. Although it remains difficult to define zinc status, zinc deficiency appears to be common among. Impact of Zinc on Your Health. Finally, phosphorus is vital to bone health ( 1 ). Both vitamin C and zinc are essential for the body for protection from covid-19 or coronavirus. Pinxav Diaper Rash Ointment. The trace metal zinc is an essential cofactor for more than 300 enzymes and 1000 transcription factors []. 0. Your child needs a variety of vitamins and minerals to grow healthy and strong. Zinc is an important mineral required for a wide range of reactions and functions in the body, including healthy growth, immune function, DNA synthesis, and cell division. Literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar. It is the process of coating iron and steel with zinc, which alloys with the surface of the base metal when immersing the metal in a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of around 450 °C (842 °F). There can then be a knock-on effect of lack of these elements - for example, anaemia from a lack of iron. Constructed with zinc alloy for lasting use. This public health statement tells you about zinc and the effects of exposure to it. When exposed to the atmosphere, the pure zinc (Zn) reacts with oxygen ( O 2) to form zinc oxide. Zinc ascorbate could prevent and treat Covid‐19 by raising antiviral resistance to SARS‐CoV‐2 virus via increase of intracellular zinc concentration as a zinc. UHP Ceetab 500 mg Tab 100X1. . Wash your hands before and after use. However, most people get their zinc from poultry and red meat. In addition to boosting the immune system, zinc has been shown to act as an antioxidant, which also. The adult human body contains between 2 and 3 grams of zinc, which is the amount needed for the body's enzymes and. Lactacyd Milky Rich Moisture Bath 500ml 1mlZinc is an essential trace element commonly found in red meat, poultry, and fish. It plays an essential role in the organization of DNA, RNA and proteins, as well as in the stability of cell membranes and cell division [ 1 ]. This combination significantly inhibited the Kupffer cells expansion and the proinflammatory response with blunted hepatic exposure of lipopolysaccharide and the. Moskovitz says if there are any suspicions you may be zinc deficient, you should consult with a primary care physician. The time of 1 minute maximum 1s to ensure that no dissolution of iron takes. Zinc is an essential trace element for living organisms and their biological processes. Zinc supplements may be used as a potential treatment for ED. Getting enough zinc is important for the functioning of your endocrine system. And its ingredients are. Buy Liquid Vitamin C + Zinc - 99% Pure Ascorbic Acid + Zinc - 4oz - 120 Servings - Organic, Non-GMO, Vegan - Bioactive Vitamin C - Immune Support, Skin. ccc046. The tint might not be right for every. Your provider may order blood tests to help diagnose a zinc deficiency or rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms. Eight databases (one Chinese) and four clinical trial registries (one Chinese) were searched for randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs), evaluating single or adjunct zinc against placebo or active controls, for. This is not audited code and should be treated with caution. Zinc, S. Best splurge: MdSolarScience Mineral Tinted Crème SPF. ”. 3. Studies suggest that taking 80 milligrams (mg) of a zinc supplement, along with other vitamins for eye health, can lower the risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration. In particular, the vitamins B, C, and D plus iron and zinc play important roles. Zinc is an essential trace mineral, so you get it through the foods you eat. The small sample size of the studies increases the risk of uncertainty in the estimates. Zinc supplements are used to prevent or treat zinc deficiency. 98% of reduction, and between 0°. It helps regulate hormones. ZINC is a free public resource for ligand discovery. When your child is about 6 months old, you can start giving solid foods with zinc to your child. Typically, a piece of zinc metal (such as a galvanized nail) and a piece of copper (such as a penny) are inserted into a lemon and connected by wires. Less than 1 gram of protein. 2. Zinc has structural, functional, and combined roles in numerous proteins including approximately 2,700 enzymes (Andreini and Bertini 2012) such as hydrolases, transferases, oxido-reductases, ligases, isomerases and lyases. Acquired zinc deficiency is primarily due to malabsorption syndromes and chronic alcoholism. Therapeutic Multiple Vitamins with Minerals oral tablet, chewable: 1 tablet chewed daily with food. In general, the human body contains 1. Foods high in zinc include oysters and other seafood, red meat, poultry, dairy products, beans, nuts, whole grains, and fortified cereals. Search areas include respiratory viral infections, anti-viral immune response in the respiratory tract, the role of zinc in anti-viral defense and immune regulation in the respiratory tract, the importance of zinc in defense against. depending on the type of zinc plating bath used. The human body contains 2–3 g zinc, and nearly 90% is found in muscle and bone []. bottle of 60 tablets. an unpleasant taste in your mouth. Zinc deficiency affects around 2 billion people worldwide and is very common in older adults. 1. Milligrams (mg) zinc per serving. RESULTS. >50 y ago in a malnourished group of individuals presenting with hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, hypogonadism, and an elevated risk of infection (). β-cells and their granules are extremely rich in Zinc. Do not wash your hands after use if putting this on your hand. Its general actions are well reviewed, as briefly described in this paper and several excellent reviews (Marger et al. Iron for better behavior. 4. It takes a bit of practice to get the meat out of the shell. Take calcium carbonate with food. The body needs zinc for normal growth and health. Introduction. Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential microelements, which take part in cellular metabolism, feature in enzymatic systems, and regulate enzyme activity. Children 7 to 24 months need 3. The most advanced, disclosed LpxC inhibitors showing antibacterial activity coordinate zinc through a hydroxamate moiety with concerns about binding to other. Dizziness. It has been used since ancient times to help heal wounds and plays an important role in the immune system, reproduction, growth, taste, vision, and smell, blood clotting, and. 10 /15. The major uses of zinc metal are in galvanizing iron and steel against corrosion and in making brasses and alloys for die-casting. So take them in tandem to help prevent osteoporosis. The importance of zinc for proper immune function is best observed in zinc-deficient individuals. Immune Function during Zinc Deficiency. A full 100% of GH Beauty Lab testers. Result Id. In the zinc phosphate cement (z) group, when 0° taper was compared with 3°, there was a 4. He was searching for a way to eliminate the. For example, zinc deficiency has been linked to mercury toxicity because mercury can build up in the body, such as from consuming foods containing high levels. However, taking too much zinc into the body can affect your health. A dark coating of copper metal appears on the zinc within two minutes and when 45 minutes have elapsed, there is a thick coat of copper metal powder on the zinc strip and the blue color of the. Method. Less serious side effects may include: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain;. • Used for hot and cold water systems, refrigeration, sprinklers, compressed air, gasoline, diesel, alcohol, and some other applications where conducted. 3 Steel Embrittlement The design of the products and the selection ofSambucol Black Elderberry Tablets with Vitamin C & Zinc - Immune Support Supplement, Black Elderberry with Zinc and Vitamin C Effervescent Tablets, High Antioxidants, Drink Fizzies - 15 Tablets . Sodium Ascorbate + Zinc. Stabilization of the cell membrane of immune cells by. According to the Nutrition Business Journal, zinc sales in 2025 are projected to be over two and a half times larger than they were pre-pandemic. Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of zinc toxicity. Men reported their zinc supplement use at baseline and biennially thereafter. seaweed. Put on a mask that covers your nose and mouth (to avoid breathing in the fine particles of zinc oxide powder), and measure out your zinc oxide. Zinc is an essential trace element for living organisms and their biological processes. Zinc’s immune-boosting properties are well-established, but we’re still untangling how it works. Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of zinc toxicity. 1. In the case of anti-cancer activity, the role of zinc in the cellular and humoral immune response—the main human defense mechanism—is of particular importance [24,25,26]. . Hot-dip galvanizing is the process of immersing iron or steel in a bath of molten zinc to produce a corrosion resistant, multi-layered coating of zinc-iron alloy and zinc metal. 2. There are some risks. Whole grains like oats, brown rice, 100% whole wheat bread, quinoa, and barley contain some zinc. †. Some supplements are formulated with these nutrients to support hair growth, strength, and thickness. Crush two aspirin and mix them with your shampoo, then shampoo your hair. pastillas de zinc o jarabe de zinc al comienzo de un resfriado común, se recuperarán más rápido. Crab, shrimp, and and sardines round out the list of fish friends that provide a decent amount of zinc. Potencee Plus Zinc Syrup 250 ml 1ml. Average daily recommended amounts of zinc vary by person and. Some people can tolerate using a medicated shampoo two to three times a week, with regular. ASCORBIC ACID+VITAMIN D2+ZINC is a combination of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol), and Zinc. Taking in too much zinc can be harmful, however, and it may cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, diarrhea, and headaches. Other side effects may. Zinc has also been found to help produce and activate T-cells (t-lymphocytes), which trigger the body to respond to infections, according to the NIH. Zinc powder is added to a solution of iodine in ethanol. Pumpkin seeds (pepitas) 2. The zinc Tolerable Upper Level (UL) developed by the U. More than 200 Zn-metalloenzymes are regulated by Zn 2+. It is significant for the good working of many organs. These dogs typically consume a diet. Studies on whether zinc can help symptoms from cancer treatment produced mixed results. Zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealers The zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) sealer formula. A laboratory study in 2010 showed that zinc inhibited the activity and replication of another coronavirus, SARS-CoV which caused an outbreak in 2002. Vitamin B Complex with C and Calcium oral tablet: 3 tablets orally daily preferably after a meal. 00. In other studies, zinc may have shortened symptoms by a few days. skin and hair changes. But zinc can interact with numerous. Objective: The term "Mauve factor" (pyrroluria) dates back to 1958 when Dr. After cleansing, gently apply the mixture to the skin using a cotton ball. Adding Thorne Zinc Picolinate to your daily routine can be a quick and convenient way to boost your zinc intake to support healthy testosterone levels. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Zn and Se supplementation on thyroid function of overweight or obese female hypothyroid patients in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Steel is the most common fastener material. Zinc (Zn) is an important element in human body and in the last period of time there were a lot of studies regarding its importance. 1 A g−1 in a zinc-organic battery. 1 M aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution c opper metal plates out on the zinc. 1/2-in 90-Degree Galvanized Elbow. Distribution - widely distributed in body tissues with about 25% bound to plasma proteins. The comprehensive blood analysis looks at a number of inflammatory markers, blood sugar regulation markers, thyroid, liver, kidney and immune health as well. One serving of cooked Alaskan king crab (3 ounces) has 6. In the short term, consuming zinc in excess of the recommended upper limit (40 mg/day) [1] can result in gastrointestinal symptoms (e. upset stomach. 5. How to augment your ADD treatment plan with vitamins and minerals that work — and skip those that don’t. AJN Home • Beauty • Wellness Active 25 days ago view shop See full list on mayoclinic. Provides 900 mg of vitamin C and 15 mg (33 IU) of vitamin E—two essential nutrients that support the immune system and provide antioxidant support. 38. Toxicity can occur in adult men who take more than 40 milligrams per day. The combination of antioxidants and zinc statistically significantly reduced the risk of visual acuity loss in Categories 3 and 4 AMD (odds ratio = 0. [19. (More information) Severe zinc deficiency is rare and caused by an inherited condition called acrodermatitis enteropathica. Contains 15 anchors ( $1. 84 mcg in 3 ounces of cooked oysters (364% DV) Other body benefits: Oysters contain more zinc than any other food—a whopping 32 mg in six raw oysters, 400%. Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain. Incorporating oysters even once a week is a great way of making sure your zinc needs are met. , off-label uses, dosing,. It also increases the circulation of enzymes, which act against infections like diarrhea. The corrosion resistance is higher in the order of zincate-zinc plating, chloride-zinc plating and cyanide-zinc plating. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of zinc in various physiological and pathological processes, and the potential benefits and risks of zinc. 1. There was one ART failure and 3. 2 in a 30g serving. 6 milligrams. Stop denture cream with zinc No zinc lozenges Do not exceed zinc to copper ratio of 10:1 – 30:1 can precipitate copper deficiency Do not take copper supplements with iron or zinc Ensure denture cream does not contain zinc IV fluids o Urinary copper losses were double those of orally fed individuals. Too much zinc can cause side effects such as: Nausea and/or vomiting. If you want to play it completely safe, Leffell says, buy a product with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Lentils are high in fiber, which supports regular bowel movements and the growth of healthy gut. The association of zinc with anemia may be divided into three major forms: (1) zinc deficiency contributing to anemia, (2) excess intake of zinc leading to anemia, and (3) anemia leading to abnormal blood–zinc levels in the body. Zinc is also needed for the senses of smell and taste. Here are some of the best nut and seed sources of zinc: Pumpkin seeds (roasted): 2. Aspirin. 04 per tablet. It is composed of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and Zinc. 85 mg of zinc, which is about 17 percent of your daily recommended intake. g. A consistent and established finding is a reduction. Along with pygeum pumpkin seed and nettle root, saw palmetto extract is a main ingredient in Cypress Pharmacy’s prostate health supplement. Next to iron, zinc is the most common mineral in the body and is found in every cell. Among the micronutrients, zinc may rank with iron. Slice a lemon and melt a little butter, and you’ll have a feast fit for a king. Also, zinc modulates the chronic inflammatory status by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines 51. It also promotes water and electrolyte absorption in the body. Zinc deficiency has been known for 50 years [] and is associated with skin abnormalities, hypogonadism, cognitive impairment, growth retardation, and imbalanced immune reactions which favor. diarrhea;. In Minnesota, while some soils are capable of supplying adequate amounts for crop production, addition of zinc fertilizers is needed for others. A daily dose of zinc lozenges for a month may cost less than $2/month (though I also found certain brands for sale online for as much as $75/month). A lack of or inadequate immune response to cancer cells appearing in the body may be caused by what is known as escape from immune surveillance. 255. Zinc is an essential element with a wide range of biological functions. A3. However, the case behind whether zinc for acne is actually effective is a little unconvincing. It may burn or sting if it gets in the eyes, mouth, or nose. Infants and children who have had a zinc deficiency may have reproductive problems when they become adults. It’s used as a dietary supplement to provide vitamins and minerals that. Taking very high doses of supplemental. Excess zinc can also affect the function of your heart and may possibly put you at risk of angina and heart attacks. Example code: This is some example code using TweetNaCl-js. Studies suggest that taking 80 milligrams (mg) of a zinc supplement, along with other vitamins for eye health, can lower the risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration. Key antioxidants Vitamin C, Zinc, and Manganese help provide immune support, and Vitamin D helps to fortify the body and helps regulate the immune system (2). A proper dose of zinc is 75 mg, but beware: Taking more than 150mg per day of zinc could. Oysters. A combination of high-dose vitamin C plus zinc for the common cold. Baked beans, canned, plain or vegetarian (1/2 cup) 2. 5 milligrams of zinc. Sin embargo, no parece que estos productos disminuyan la gravedad de los síntomas. It's needed for immune function, wound healing, blood clotting, thyroid. Our study is an international, multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of therapies with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin (AZM), zinc, and vitamin D3 alone (group 1) or HCQ + AZM + zinc in combination with IV vitamin C (group 2) in. Mix 1/2 tsp salt to 8 ounces of warm water. Potassium: 16% of the DV. If that doesn't help, try a medicated dandruff shampoo. This is evidenced by its well-known adequate homeostasis between its absorption and elimination. Zinc pyrithione is approved for over-the-counter (OTC) dandruff shampoo, but it should only be used topically. People with zinc deficiency may also have: hair loss. Test Result Name. Buy ASCONVITA SODIUM ASCORBATE with ZINC online today! Sodium Ascorbate 600/5mg Zinc Is non-acidic and is more soluble than ascorbic acid. Zinc is the second most abundant micronutrient in the human body after iron [11,12]. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. 2 mg per 1 oz, or 20% of the DV. Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn). It is one of the most abundant trace minerals in your body and plays a key role in. Introduction. Best for Sensitive Skin: Tower 28 SunnyDays SPF. Pumpkin seeds (pepitas) 2. When Does My Child Need Zinc? And How Much? Zinc is important at all stages of your child’s development. In addition, because. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) contains a zinc (Zn 2+) metal center in a tetrahedral geometry with amino acid residues in close proximity around zinc to facilitate catalysis and binding. 2017 May 2;8(5):2054270417694291. The highest. 0 grams of fiber. For a faster recovery, start taking zinc to treat your illness within the first 24 hours of symptoms. 5. This may help relieve some of the redness and irritation associated with moderate-to-severe acne. Method. import nacl = require ("tweetnacl") // cryptographic functions. 7 out of 5 stars 1,802 ratings | 14 answered questions . A third significant use of zinc is in the production of zinc oxide (the most important zinc chemical by volume of production), which is used as a protective skin ointment in rubber manufacture. An a priori protocol was registered with PROSPERO on 27th April 2020 (CRD42020182044). 2. This Guide Specification represents a consensus on best industry practice for shop application of zinc rich coating systems to previously uncoated bridge steel and includes the proper preparation of the steel. poor immune system function. Zinc supports your immune system and muscles. Zinc may reduce symptoms of cold and flu. Abstract. The tin brasses are economical and have slightly better properties than the straight brasses. Pine nuts: 1. Benefits & Description. Price: from $16. Here are some good sources of zinc: Food. diarrhoea. 57. Excess zinc can also affect the function of your heart and may possibly put you at risk of angina and heart attacks. 1265 [2] The coating serves as a corrosion inhibitor, as a primer to improve the adherence of paints and adhesives, [2] as a decorative finish, or to. Zinc side effects (more detail) Zinc is a component of various enzymes that help maintain structural integrity of proteins and regulate gene expression. Best for Acne-Prone Skin: BareMinerals Complexion Rescue Tinted Gel Moisturizer, $37. “Co-packaging ORS and zinc together is a game changer. Zinc is an important mineral — or micronutrient — that has many roles. ASCONVITA SODIUM ASCORBATE with ZINC 4. If you take too much zinc for a long time, you could have problems such as lower , low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (good) cholesterol, and low copper levels. These brasses have good strength and ductility, and are easily cold worked. Pine nuts: 1. Steel fasteners are commonly available in 4 grades: Grade 2, Grade 5, Grade 8, and Alloy Steel. Key antioxidants Vitamin C, Zinc, and Manganese help provide immune support, and Vitamin D helps to fortify the body and helps regulate the immune system (2). Drug name. The Web site also enables searches by structure, biological activity, physical property, vendor, catalog number,. zinc group element, any of the four chemical elements that constitute Group 12 (IIb) of the periodic table—namely, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and copernicium (Cn). An adequate zinc balance is essential for the maintenance of skeletal growth, development and function. Zinc gluconate: One of the forms most commonly used for cold-related products and shown to be effective at reducing symptoms. 3. iii. Severe zinc deficiency can cause even more concerning symptoms. Supply is dependent upon the zinc mining industry of which indium is a small byproduct. Zicam is their No. Hacen falta más estudios para determinar la mejor dosis y forma del zinc, además de la frecuencia y la duración del tratamiento para el resfriado común. Our best overall, Thorne Research Zinc Picolinate, is more expensive at $0. Power generated by reaction of the metals is used to power a small device such as a light-emitting diode (LED). Food manufacturers may also fortify foods with zinc to help a person meet their daily requirements. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur.